[PDF]Syllabus of Biochemist KPSC|232/2024 syllabus Kerala PSC

Syllabus of Biochemist KPSC: DETAILED SYLLABUS FOR THE POST OF BIOCHEMIST IN MEDICAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT (CAT.NO.: 232/2024).Exam Date 06.11.2025. (Total Marks : 100)

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Syllabus of Biochemist KPSC 232/2024

I. TECHNIQUES IN BIOCHEMISTRY (20 MARKS)

Microscopy- Basic principles, instrumentation and applications of microscopy. Bright field,
Phase-contrast, Fluorescence and Confocal Microscopy, Electron Microscope – Scanning and
Transmission Electron Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy. Histopathology – definition,
fixation, decalcification, tissue processing, cutting, staining and analysis.

Electrophoresis: Basic principles, instrumentation and applications of electrophoresis.
Factors affecting electrophoresis. Electrophoretic techniques – Agarose gel, SDS-PAGE,
Capillary, 2-D and Pulsed field.

PCR and Immunological techniques: DNA amplification by PCR – Conventional,
Reverse-Transcriptase, Inverse, Quantitative Real-time, Nested and Multiplex PCR. Primer
designing.

Spectroscopy: Principle, Concept of absorptions, transmission, scattering,
phosphorescence, fluorescence, luminescence, diffraction spectra. Principle, instrumentation,
working and application of UV, Visible and IR spectroscopy, spectrofluorimetry, flame
photometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, luminometry.

NMR and mass spectrometry: Principle, instrumentation, working and application of
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), Mass spectrometry –
GC-MS, HPLC-MS and LC-MS/MS, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, Time- of
Flight Mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), X-ray crystallography.

Chromatography: Basic principles, Instrumentation, working and applications of partition
chromatography (Paper), adsorption chromatography (TLC, HPTLC, different types of
columns), affinity chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration
chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), high pressure liquid chromatography
(HPLC).

II. ENZYMOLOGY (20 MARKS)

Nomenclature and classification of enzymes. Energy of activation and its significance.
Enzyme specificity, measurement and expression of enzyme activity – Definition of Unit,
international unit (IU), katal. Coenzymes- classification – vitamin and nonvitamin
coenzymes. Mechanism of enzyme action- Active site, Mechanism of enzyme action –
general acid-base catalysis, covalent catalysis, proximity and orientation effects, role of metal
ion in enzyme catalysis, mechanism of serine proteases – chymotrypsin, lysozyme, and
ribonuclease.

Enzyme kinetics Order of reaction, progress curve for enzyme catalyzed reactions. Factors affecting the velocity of enzyme catalyzed reaction – enzyme concentration, temperature, pH, inhibitors
and activators, Michaelis-Menten equation; Km and Vmax values and their significance,
Lineweaver-Burk plot and its physiological significance. Enzyme inhibition – competitive,
non-competitive, uncompetitive and mixed. Allosteric and feedback inhibition with examples,
suicide inhibition. Dose-response curves of enzyme inhibition. Regulation of enzyme
activity-covalent regulation, allosteric regulation, Feedback regulation. Multienzyme
complex- Mechanism of action and regulation.

Enzyme Technology- Isolation and purification of enzymes and criteria of purity- specific
activity. Industrial and therapeutic uses of enzymes. Immobilization of enzymes and their
applications. Designer enzymes – Abzymes, Ribozymes. Serum enzymes in health and
disease-diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

III. QA, QC AND GLP (15 MARKS)

Quality Assurance- Their functions and advantages, Concept of Quality, Control Quality
Standards- Advantages and Disadvantages. Good laboratory practices, WHO guidelines on
GLP and GMP, Quality assurances in Good Laboratory Practices.

QA QC in Clinical Laboratory -Quality assurance and Quality Control with reference to clinical laboratory, Factors
influencing quality. Quality assurance cycle: Pre analytic, analytic and post analytic. QC
procedures. Internal quality control and external quality control. Types of errors: Random
Error, systematic error. Reasons for laboratory errors. Quality system essentials. Overview
of statistics including, calculation of mean, standard deviation and probability. Monitoring
QC data, Levey-Jennings Chart, Westgard rules. Clinical audit of the laboratory, Trouble
shooting.

IV. CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (20 MARKS)

Specimen collection and automation Specimen collection and processing: Blood collection
methods, anticoagulants. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): Composition and collection, gross
examination, cell counts, chemical examination and bacteriologic examination. Amniotic
fluid: Origin, collection, composition and routine analysis of amniotic fluid.

Collection and examination of Synovial fluid, Pleural fluid, Pericardial fluid and Peritoneal fluid. Collection of urine: Timed urine specimens, urine preservatives. Basic concepts and definitions of
automation in the clinical laboratory. Multifunction Workstations (Automated Specimen
Processing), Total Laboratory Automation Systems. Post assay processing, Signal processing,
Data handling and Process control, Instrument clusters, Microtiter plate systems, Automated
pipetting stations.

Clinical Enzymology: Principles of diagnostic enzymology, Factors affecting enzyme levels
in blood. Principle, assay, and clinical significance of transaminases, creatine kinase, lactate,
Dehydrogenase, phosphatases, 5’nucleotidase, gamma –glutamyl transferase, amylase, lipase,
trypsin, chymotrypsin, choline esterase, glutamate dehydrogenase and glucose -6-phosphate
dehydrogenase. Enzyme pattern in diseases: Myocardial infarction, hepatobiliary diseases.

Organ function tests and related disorders: Liver function test and related disorders:
Jaundice, cirrhosis, hepatitis, fatty liver and gall stones. Renal function test and related
disorders: Acute renal failure. glomerular disease, tubular diseases, analysis of urinary
calculi. Gastric and pancreatic function tests. Hyper and hypo lipoproteinemia’s and
diagnostic test for lipoprotein disorders. Atherosclerosis, Diabetes, Cancer, Inflammatory
arthritis, Obesity – Risk factors, Molecular pathogenesis, Biochemical and clinical features,
diagnosis, treatment.

V. MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY (15 MARKS)

Classification of hormones, overview of circulation, modification and degradation. Target
tissue feedback control. Hormone receptors – general features, structure and regulation.
Mechanism of hormone action. Synthesis, secretion, transport, metabolic fate, biological
actions, mechanism of action, functions and regulation of hormones secreted by the
Hypothalamus and Pituitary, Thyroid, Pancreas, adrenal and Gastrointestinal hormones.
Endocrine disorders and their detection methods. Thyroid function tests. Hormones and
human health.

VI. PHARMACOLOGY (10 MARKS)

Introduction to pharmacology, sources of drugs, Classification of drugs based on sources,
dosage forms, route of administration, site of action of drugs. Mechanism of action, concept
of receptors, combined effect of drugs, factors modifying drug action. Dose response curveED50 and LD50.

Pharmacokinetics- Absorption and distribution of drugs, importance of drug – protein
interaction. Drug metabolism: chemical pathway of drug metabolism, phase I and phase II
reactions, role of cytochrome P450, non- microsomal reactions of drug metabolism, drug
metabolizing enzymes. Drug elimination of liver and kidney.

Clinical Toxicology: Definition, classification of toxicity – occupational, environmental and
pharmaceutical. Types of toxins and their mechanism of action. Factors affecting toxicityDrug tolerance, intolerance, addiction, allergy, hypersensitivity, antagonism and synergism.
Methods of detection. Drug abuses and their biological effects. Clinical symptoms of toxicity
and marker parameters.

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